2026 BECE Integrated Science Master Revision: Human Systems and Chemical Bonding

To excel in the 2026 BECE Integrated Science exam, candidates must have a firm grasp of the biological systems that sustain life and the chemical principles that govern matter. Following the Common Core Programme (CCP), this revision guide uses interactive notes to simplify complex topics like Digestion, Respiration, Circulation, and Ionic Bonding.

Below is your comprehensive revision toolkit. Use these notes to study, and then challenge yourself with the practice questions provided.

2026 BECE Integrated Science Master Revision: Human Systems and Chemical Bonding

1. Nutrition and the Human Digestive System

Nutrition is the foundation of life, providing the energy required for growth and repair. Digestion is the specific process of breaking down complex food into simple soluble substances that the body can absorb.

Key Revision Points:

• Types of Nutrition: Organisms are either Autotrophic (make own food, e.g., Green plants) or Heterotrophic (depend on others, e.g., Humans, Fungi).

  

• The Process: Involves Ingestion → Digestion → Absorption → Assimilation → Egestion.

• Organ Functions:

  • Mouth: Chewing and mixing with saliva.

  • Stomach: Primary site for protein digestion.

  • Small Intestine: Completion of digestion and nutrient absorption.

  • Large Intestine: Water absorption.

• End Products: Carbohydrates turn into Glucose, Proteins into Amino acids, and Fats into Fatty acids + Glycerol.

2026 BECE Integrated Science Master Revision: Chemical Bonding: Metals and Non-Metals

Understanding how elements interact is key to Chemistry. Ionic bonds are formed by the complete transfer of electrons between atoms.

Mastering Ionic Bonds:

• Metals: Lose electrons to become positive ions (Cations).

• Non-metals: Gain electrons to become negative ions (Anions).

• Electrostatic Force: The strong attraction between these oppositely charged ions holds the ionic compound together.

3. 2026 BECE Integrated Science Master Revision: Transportation: The Circulatory System

Transportation is the movement of nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and wastes inside the body.

System Components:

• The Heart: A four-chambered organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

• Blood Vessels: Arteries (carry oxygenated blood), Veins (carry deoxygenated blood), and Capillaries (site of material exchange).

• Blood Cells: RBCs for oxygen transport, WBCs for immunity, and Platelets for blood clotting.

2. Respiration: Releasing Energy

Respiration is the chemical process of breaking down food (glucose) to release energy in the form of ATP.

Comparison of Types:

• Aerobic Respiration: Uses oxygen for the complete breakdown of glucose, producing $CO_2$, $H_2O$, and high energy.

• Anaerobic Respiration: Occurs without oxygen. In human muscles, it produces Lactic Acid, while in yeast, it produces Alcohol and $CO_2$.

Revision Tips for Students

• Visualize the Systems: Use the diagrams to trace the path of food through the gut or blood through the heart.

• Bonding Logic: Remember that Metals = Givers (+) and Non-Metals = Takers (-) in ionic bonding.

• End Products: Master the transformation of nutrients, as these are frequent targets for BECE Section A questions.